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Contingency management
Contingency management or systematic use of reinforcement is a type of treatment used in the mental health or substance abuse fields. Patients' behaviors are rewarded (or, less often, punished); generally, adherence to or failure to adhere to program rules and regulations or their treatment plan. As an approach to treatment, contingency management emerged from the behavior therapy and applied behavior analysis traditions in mental health. By most evaluations, contingency management procedures produce one of the largest effect sizes out of all mental health and educational interventions.〔Forness, S.R., Kavale, K.A., Blum, I.M., & Llyod, J.W. (1997). Mage-analysis of meta-analysis: What works in special education and related services? Teaching Exceptional Children, 29, 4–9.〕
==Token economies==
One form of contingency management is the token economy system.〔Zlomke, L. (2003). Token Economies. ''The Behavior Analyst Today'', 4 (2), 177–184 (BAO )〕 Token systems can be used in an individual or group format.〔Axelrod, S. (1973) "Comparison of individual and group contingencies in two special classes". ''Behavior Therapy'', 4, 83–90.〕 Token systems have been shown to be successful with a diverse array of populations including those suffering from addiction,〔Petry, N.M. (2001) Contingent reinforcement for compliance with goal-related activities in HIV-positive substance abusers. ''The Behavior Analyst Today'', 2 (2), 78 (BAO )〕 those with retardation,〔Birnbrauer, J.S., Wolf, M.M., Kidder, J.D., & Tague, C.E. (1965). "Classroom behavior of retarded pupils with token reinforcement". ''Journal of Experimental Child Psychology'', 2, 219–235〕 and delinquents.〔Braukmann, C.J., Fixsen, D.L., Kirigin, K.A., Phillips, E.A., Phillips, E.L., & Wolf, M.M. (1975). "Achievement place: The training and certification of teaching parents". In W.S. Wood (Ed.), ''Issues in evaluating behavior modification''. Champaign, Ill.: Research Press, 131–152〕 However, recent research questions the use of token systems with very young children.〔Filcheck, H.A., & McNeil, C.B. (2004). The Use of Token Economies in Preschool Classrooms: Practical and Philosophical Concerns. ''JEIBI'', 1 (1), 95–99 (BAO )〕 The exception to the last would be the treatment of stuttering.〔Ryan, B.P. (2004) Contingency Management and Stuttering in Children, ''The Behavior Analyst Today'', 5 (2), 144–169 (BAO )〕 The goal of such systems is to gradually thin out and to help the person begin to access the natural community of reinforcement (the reinforcement typically received in the world for performing the behavior).〔Baer, D.M., & Wolf, M.M. (1970). "The entry into natural communities of reinforcement". In R. Ulrich, T. Stachnik, & J. Mabry (Eds.), ''Control of human behavior'': Volume II. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman.〕
Walker (1990) presents an overview of token systems and combining such procedures with other interventions in the classroom.〔Walker, H. (1990). The Acting Out Child. Soporis West.〕 He relates the comprehensiveness of token systems to the child's level of difficulty.
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